Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. As cells divide over time, telomeres can gradually shorten — a process known as telomere attrition. This is one of the major hallmarks of ageing and is closely connected with cellular resilience, repair capacity, and long-term biological vitality. The significance of telomere science was recognized globally in 2009, when Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medi